Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt (PQQ) is an innovative nutrient that has been gaining attention for its potential role in supporting cognitive function and mitochondrial health. Bicells' PQQ is carefully produced to ensure its stability and bioavailability, making it an ideal choice for dietary supplements and functional foods. Our commitment to quality is evident in the production process, which is carried out under GMP standards and is certified by ISO 9001 and FSSC22000.

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt

English Name: Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt
Abbreviation: PQQ-2Na
CAS No.: 122628-50-6
Molecular Formula: C₁₄H₄N₂Na₂O₈
Molecular Weight: 374.17
Appearance: Reddish-brown crystalline powder

1. Definition and Overview

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt is the water-soluble sodium salt form of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ), a natural redox coenzyme first isolated from bacterial dehydrogenases in 1979. Recognized as the “third class of oxidoreductase coenzyme” after flavin nucleotides and nicotinamide nucleotides, PQQ participates in energy metabolism and antioxidant reactions. It is termed the “14th vitamin” and “King of Immunity” by the scientific community due to its pivotal role in cellular health.

2. Chemical Properties and Natural Sources

• Chemical Structure:
  Features a quinone ring enabling high-efficiency redox activity, capable of ~20,000 catalytic cycles—5,000× more stable than vitamin C.

• Natural Distribution:
  Widely present in microorganisms, plants, and animal tissues. Key dietary sources include:

Note: Humans require exogenous supplementation as gut microbiota synthesis is insufficient.

3. Core Biological Activities and Functions

(1) Mitochondrial Activation and Energy Metabolism

• Stimulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Oral PQQ increases mitochondrial count by 163% in human cells.

• Enhances ATP Production: Activates respiratory chain Complexes I and III, boosting energy conversion efficiency and reducing fatigue.

(2) Neuroprotection and Cognitive Enhancement

• Promotes Neuronal Repair: Increases nerve growth factor (NGF) secretion, inhibits β-amyloid toxicity, and reduces Parkinson’s disease risk.

• Improves Cognition: Clinical trials show 20 mg/day for 12 weeks enhances verbal memory in the elderly and executive function in young adults.

(3) Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects

• Neutralizes Free Radicals: Scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), protects mitochondrial lipids/proteins from oxidative damage.

• Reduces Inflammation: Lowers plasma C-reactive protein and IL-6 levels, mitigating chronic inflammation.

(4) Other Physiological Roles

• Cardioprotection: Reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and prevents heart attacks.

• Liver Detoxification: Accelerates acetaldehyde metabolism (alcohol detox) and lowers blood/brain lead levels.

• Reproductive Health: Regulates ovarian follicle maturation and delays ovarian aging.

4. Applications

(1) Food and Nutraceuticals

• Usage Forms: Solid beverages, energy drinks (max 40 mg/kg).

• Synergistic Formulations:

• PQQ + CoQ10: Enhances mitochondrial function for anti-aging and heart health.

• PQQ + GABA: Reduces cortisol to improve sleep quality.

• PQQ + Niacinamide + Zinc: Boosts immunity and metabolic function.

(2) Research and Pharmaceuticals

Serves as a redox cofactor in studies on neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic syndromes.

5. Regulatory Status and Safety

Contraindications: Infants, pregnant/lactating women (insufficient safety data).

6. Production Methods

• Fermentation: Uses Methylovorus glucosotrophus for extraction and crystallization.

• Chemical Synthesis: Ethyl 6-amino-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylate as a precursor.